Obesity Author: George A. Bray, MD
Editorial changes - 2009-11-06
Author information and module status
Prevention
Screening
Diagnosis
Consultation for Diagnosis
Hospitalization
Non-drug Therapy
Drug Therapy
Patient Education
Consultation for Management
Follow-up

Tables
Figures
References
Glossary
What's New
Patient Information
Additional Resources
Tools

Quality Measures Quality Measures
Additional Resources

Clinical Information
Guideline
   American Heart Association
 Cardiovascular evaluation and management of severely obese patients undergoing surgery. A science advisory
   Annals of Internal Medicine
 Screening for obesity in adults: recommendations and rationale
 Screening and interventions for obesity in adults: summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
 Pharmacologic and surgical management of obesity in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians
 Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity
 Meta-analysis: surgical treatment of obesity
   Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
 Periodic health examination, 1999 update: 1. Detection, prevention, and treatment of obesity
 Prevention of obesity in adults
   National Guideline Clearinghouse
 Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote a healthy diet: recommendations and rationale
   National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
 Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults
Article
   American Journal of Cardiology
 Effect of orlistat added to diet (30% of calories from fat) on plasma lipids, glucose, and insulin in obese patients with hypercholesterolemia
   Annals of Internal Medicine
 Meal size, not body size, explains errors in estimating the calorie content of meals
 Effects of sibutramine treatment in obese adolescents: a randomized trial
 The relationship between overweight in adolescence and premature death in women
 Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and abdominal adiposity in men: the Olivetti prospective heart study
 Obesity: associations with acute mountain sickness
 Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant
 The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults
 Excess body weight is not independently associated with outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with acute lung injury
 A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial
 The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial
 Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite
 Anorectics on trial: a half century of federal regulation of prescription appetite suppressants
 Estimated risks for developing obesity in the Framingham Heart Study
 Comparison of methods for delivering a lifestyle modification program for obese patients: a randomized trial
 Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight and adiposity in overweight and obese adults: a randomized trial
   Archives of General Psychiatry
 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sibutramine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder
   Archives of Internal Medicine
 Long-term obesity and avoidable hospitalization among younger, middle-aged, and older adults
 Sleep duration and body mass index in a rural population
 Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial
 Obesity, physical activity, and mortality in a prospective chinese elderly cohort
 Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults
 Effects of etanercept in patients with the metabolic syndrome
 Metabolic syndrome and the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in elderly women
 Metabolic syndrome compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Offspring Study
 Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the framingham experience
 Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current national institutes of health guidelines
 The effect of orlistat-induced weight loss, without concomitant hypocaloric diet, on cardiovascular risk factors and insulin sensitivity in young obese chinese subjects with or without type 2 diabetes
 Weight change, weight fluctuation, and mortality
 Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the midwest exercise trial
 Depression in association with severe obesity: changes with weight loss
 Increases in clinically severe obesity in the United States, 1986-2000
 Body mass index in middle age and health-related quality of life in older age: the Chicago heart association detection project in industry study
 Coaching patients On Achieving Cardiovascular Health (COACH): a multicenter randomized trial in patients with coronary heart disease
 Effects of an ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on body weight, body composition, and fat distribution in older men and women: a randomized controlled trial
 Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE—a randomized controlled study
 Relationship between obesity and B-type natriuretic peptide levels
 Body mass index and total and cardiovascular mortality in men with a history of cardiovascular disease
 Obesity and unhealthy life-years in adult Finns: an empirical approach
 Overweight and obese patients in a primary care population report less sleep than patients with a normal body mass index
 Development of fatness, fitness, and lifestyle from adolescence to the age of 36 years: determinants of the metabolic syndrome in young adults: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study
 Race, education, and weight change in a biracial sample of women at midlife
 Obesity, weight change, hypertension, diuretic use, and risk of gout in men: the health professionals follow-up study
 Obesity, regional body fat distribution, and the metabolic syndrome in older men and women
 The association of obesity, cytokine levels, and depressive symptoms with diverse measures of fatigue in healthy subjects
 Marital quality and occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in women
 Bezafibrate for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome
 Weight loss in overweight adults and the long-term risk of hypertension: the Framingham Study
 Undertreatment of obese women receiving breast cancer chemotherapy
 A case-control study of association of Helicobacter pylori infection with morbid obesity in Taiwan
 Income disparities in body mass index and obesity in the United States, 1971-2002
 Direct, progressive association of cardiovascular risk factors with incident proteinuria: results from the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) study
 Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women
 Weight cycling and risk of gallstone disease in men
 Prediction of coronary artery calcium in young adults using the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) risk score: the CARDIA study
 Risk factors for mortality in middle-aged women
 Body mass index and risk of suicide among men
 Heterogeneity in the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese individuals: effect of differences in insulin sensitivity
 Obesity and workers' compensation: results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System
 Abdominal adiposity and mortality in Chinese women
 Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
 Portion control plate for weight loss in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a controlled clinical trial
 Lower risk of tuberculosis in obesity
 Visceral adipose tissue accumulation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and features of the metabolic syndrome
 Obesity, waist circumference, weight change, and the risk of psoriasis in women: Nurses' Health Study II
 Body mass index and episodic headaches: a population-based study
 Adiposity, adult weight change, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk
 Clinic-based support to help overweight patients with type 2 diabetes increase physical activity and lose weight
 Clinical outcomes by race in hypertensive patients with and without the metabolic syndrome: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)
 Exceptional longevity in men: modifiable factors associated with survival and function to age 90 years
 Relations of thyroid function to body weight: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in a community-based sample
 The joint effects of physical activity and body mass index on coronary heart disease risk in women
 The impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease risk factors and subclinical vascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
 Menopause and the metabolic syndrome: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation
 Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans
 The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004)
 Overweight, obesity, and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism
 Physical activity and the association of common FTO gene variants with body mass index and obesity
 Extended-care programs for weight management in rural communities: the treatment of obesity in underserved rural settings (TOURS) randomized trial
 Effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts on metabolic syndrome status: one-year results of the PREDIMED randomized trial
 Impact of a weight management program on health-related quality of life in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes
 The effect of a plant-based low-carbohydrate (“Eco-Atkins”) diet on body weight and blood lipid concentrations in hyperlipidemic subjects
 Trial of family and friend support for weight loss in African American adults
   British Medical Journal
 ABC of obesity. Strategies for preventing obesity
 Development of adiposity in adolescence: five year longitudinal study of an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of young people in Britain
 Breast feeding and obesity in childhood: cross sectional study
 Improving management of obesity in primary care: cluster randomised trial
 Parents' awareness of overweight in themselves and their children: cross sectional study within a cohort (EarlyBird 21)
 Adult socioeconomic, educational, social, and psychological outcomes of childhood obesity: a national birth cohort study
 Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study
 Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study
 Use of waist circumference to predict insulin resistance: retrospective study
 Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study
 Clinical value of the metabolic syndrome for long term prediction of total and cardiovascular mortality: prospective, population based cohort study
 Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC “diet trials”
 Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children: cluster randomised controlled trial
 ABC of obesity: obesity and vascular disease
 ABC of obesity. Obesity and cancer
 Derivation and validation of QRISK, a new cardiovascular disease risk score for the United Kingdom: prospective open cohort study
 Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents
 Preventing childhood obesity: two year follow-up results from the Christchurch obesity prevention programme in schools (CHOPPS)
 Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study
 Changing perceptions of weight in Great Britain: comparison of two population surveys
 Do overweight children necessarily make overweight adults? Repeated cross sectional annual nationwide survey of Japanese girls and women over nearly six decades
 Obesity in children. Part 1: Epidemiology, measurement, risk factors, and screening
 The joint impact on being overweight of self reported behaviours of eating quickly and eating until full: cross sectional survey
 Adiposity and weight change in mid-life in relation to healthy survival after age 70 in women: prospective cohort study
   Circulation
 Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men
   Diabetes Care
 Biologic and quality-of-life outcomes from the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program: a randomized clinical trial
   Journal of the American College of Cardiology
 Novel metabolic risk factors for incident heart failure and their relationship with obesity: the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study
 Measures of obesity and cardiovascular risk among men and women
   Journal of the American Medical Association
 Obesity-related plasma hemodilution and PSA concentration among men with prostate cancer
 Prevalence and cardiovascular disease correlates of low cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents and adults
 International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis
 Midlife body mass index and hospitalization and mortality in older age
 Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial
 Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women
 Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial
 Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial
 Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents
 Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial
 Recombinant variant of ciliary neurotrophic factor for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized, dose-ranging study
 Effects of internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial
 Obesity and estrogen as risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux symptoms
 The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline
 Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial
 Compensation for energy intake from fast food among overweight and lean adolescents
 Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002
 Obesity among US immigrant subgroups by duration of residence
 Health-related quality of life of overweight and obese children
 Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones
 Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial
 Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity
 Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults
 Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial
 Early mortality among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing bariatric surgical procedures
 Trends in bariatric surgical procedures
 Hospitalization before and after gastric bypass surgery
 Insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, and pancreatic cancer in male smokers
 Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial
 Association of physical activity and body mass index with novel and traditional cardiovascular biomarkers in women
 Effect of 6-month calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptation, and oxidative stress in overweight individuals: a randomized controlled trial
 Mortality and cardiac and vascular outcomes in extremely obese women
 Body weight and mortality among men and women in China
 Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial
 Aging, adiposity, and calorie restriction
 The right brain hypothesis for obesity
 Effects of a weight management program on body composition and metabolic parameters in overweight children: a randomized controlled trial
 Efficacy of maintenance treatment approaches for childhood overweight: a randomized controlled trial
 The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988-2004
 Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity
 Cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as mortality predictors in older adults
 Lifestyle intervention and metformin for treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a randomized controlled trial
 Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
 Effect of rimonabant on progression of atherosclerosis in patients with abdominal obesity and coronary artery disease: the STRADIVARIUS randomized controlled trial
 Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial
 Association between circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and incidence of the metabolic syndrome
 High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006
 A 40-year-old woman with diabetes contemplating pregnancy after gastric bypass surgery
 Variants of the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and adiponectin receptor 1 (ADIPOR1) genes and colorectal cancer risk
   Lancet
 Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials
 Drug treatments for obesity: orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant
 Efficacy and tolerability of rimonabant in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study
 Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors
 Obesity in general elective surgery
 Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and overweight among adults in China
 Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women
 Obesity
 Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study
 C-reactive protein and its role in metabolic syndrome: mendelian randomisation study
 Interpregnancy weight change and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study
 Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
 Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies
   Medical Journal of Australia
 Waist-hip ratio is the dominant risk factor predicting cardiovascular death in Australia
   New England Journal of Medicine
 Binge eating as a major phenotype of melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations
 Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease
 Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
 Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women
 Clinical practice. Overweight children and adolescents
 Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity
 Retinol-binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in lean, obese, and diabetic subjects
 A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss
 Clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of congenital deficiency of the leptin receptor
 Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects
 Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery
 Adolescent overweight and future adult coronary heart disease
 Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood
 Association between obesity during pregnancy and increased use of health care
 General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe
 An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children
 Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women
 Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates
 Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men
 Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans
 Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery
Review
   Annals of Internal Medicine
 Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications
 Adiposity of the heart, revisited
 Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counseling for weight loss
 Narrative review: effect of bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus
 Narrative review: the emerging clinical implications of the role of aldosterone in the metabolic syndrome and resistant hypertension
   Archives of Disease in Childhood
 Health consequences of obesity
   Archives of Internal Medicine
 The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review
 Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
 The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle: a call to action for clinicians
   British Medical Journal
 ABC of obesity. Management: Part I—behaviour change, diet, and activity
 ABC of obesity. Management: Part II—drugs
 ABC of obesity. Management: Part III—surgery
 Management of overweight and obese adults
 Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis
 Obesity and pregnancy
 Surgery for obesity in adulthood
   Cancer
 A review: obesity and screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer in women
   Clinical Evidence
 Obesity
   Cochrane Library
 Interventions for preventing obesity in children (Cochrane Review)
 Improving health professionals' management and the organisation of care for overweight and obese people (Cochrane Review)
 Advice on low-fat diets for obesity (Cochrane Review)
   Journal of the American Medical Association
 Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review
 Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review
 Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery: a systematic review
 Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
 A 52-year-old woman with obesity: review of bariatric surgery
   Lancet
 Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies
 Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies
   New England Journal of Medicine
 Cardiovascular risk and body-fat abnormalities in HIV-infected adults
 Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity
 Clinical practice. Nonsurgical management of obesity in adults
   Obesity Reviews
 Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Commentary
   ACP Journal Club
      Obesity
 2009 - Bariatric surgery was cost-effective at 2 years for management of type 2 diabetes in obese patients
 2009 - Bariatric surgery was dominant over conventional therapy for lifetime management of type 2 diabetes in obese patients
 2009 - Intensive primary care treatment reduced cardiovascular risk factors at 1 year in screen-detected type 2 diabetes
 2008 - Metformin plus a lifestyle intervention was more effective than either alone for antipsychotic-induced weight gain
 2008 - Adjustable gastric banding improved glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes
 2008 - A personal-contact weight-loss maintenance intervention reduced weight regain in overweight and obese adults
 2008 - Review: Statins prevent stroke and reduce mortality
 2007 - The combination of low midarm muscle circumference and high waist circumference predicted higher mortality in older men
 2007 - BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness predicted mortality in older adults
 2007 - Increasing BMI was associated with increasing risk for overall cancer incidence and mortality in middle-aged women
 2007 - Review: Orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant reduce weight in overweight and obese persons
 2007 - A portion-control plate was effective for weight loss in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
 2007 - Waist-to-hip ratio showed a linear association with mortality in middle-aged men and women, but body mass index did not
 2007 - Review: Moderate weight loss improves functional disability but does not reduce pain in obese patients with knee osteoarthritis
 2007 - An intermediate body mass index (23 to 30 kg/m2) was associated with the most favorable mortality in older women
 2006 - Laparoscopic gastric band surgery was more effective than an intensive nonsurgical intervention for weight loss in mild-to-moderate obesity
 2006 - Being overweight or obese was associated with a greater risk for end-stage renal disease
 2005 - A lifestyle intervention or metformin prevented or delayed the onset of the metabolic syndrome in persons at risk
 2005 - Review: Mixed signals from trials concerning pharmacologic prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
 2005 - Review: Several pharmacologic therapies promote modest weight loss
 2005 - Review: Sparse high-quality evidence supports surgery for obesity
 2005 - Review: Little evidence supports the efficacy of major commercial and organized self-help weight loss programs
 2004 - A dietitian-led intervention reduced weight and waist circumference in obese patients with type 2 diabetes
 2004 - Review: Fluoxetine, orlistat, and sibutramine modestly reduce weight in type 2 diabetes
 2004 - Review: Orlistat and sibutramine are modestly effective for weight loss at 1 year
 2003 - Review: Evidence is inconclusive about the role of lower-carbohydrate diets in weight loss in the outpatient setting
 2001 - Continuous and intermittent sibutramine were equally effective at 44 weeks for reducing weight in obese persons
 2001 - Review: Placebo is better than no treatment for subjective continuous outcomes and for treatment of pain
      Obesity/hyperphagia
 2005 - Review: Several pharmacologic therapies promote modest weight loss
 2005 - Review: Sparse high-quality evidence supports surgery for obesity
 2003 - Review: Evidence is inconclusive about the role of lower-carbohydrate diets in weight loss in the outpatient setting

Educational Resources
Educational Syllabus
   Annual Session 2004: Multiple Small Feedings of the Mind
 Surgical and medical management of obesity
   MKSAP 12
 The Obese Patient
Book Chapter
   Obesity
 Contributors and Table of Contents
 Epidemiology of Obesity
 Etiology of Obesity
 Pathophysiology of Obesity and Metabolic Response to Weight Loss
 Medical Complications of Intentional Weight Loss
 Medical Assessment and Treatment of the Obese Patient
 Nutrition Intervention in the Medical Management of Obesity
 Physical Activity and Exercise in the Treatment of Obesity
 Behavioral Treatment of Obesity in the Primary Care Setting
 Pharmacologic Therapy for Obesity
 Weight Loss Surgery
 Future Pharmacotherapy for Obesity: Integration of Metabolism and Body Weight Regulation
 Weight Loss Recidivism and Relapse Prevention
 CASE 1: Assessment and Management of Obesity in an Overweight Patient Who Does Not Present for Weight Loss Therapy
 CASE 2: Management of Obesity in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and a History of Depression
 CASE 3: Management of Obesity in a Patient with a Complex History of Health Problems
 Index
Web
   Partnership for Healthy Weight Management
 Voluntary Guidelines for Providers of Weight Loss Products or Services

Patient Information
 American College of Physicians: 100 Million Adult Americans Are Overweight and at Risk of Serious Disease
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Body Mass Index
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Overweight and Obesity
 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Check Your Physical Activity and Heart Disease I.Q.
 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Weight-control Information Network
FAQs | Patient Information
George A. Bray, MD, is a speaker for Eli Lilly, Amylin Corp., and Merck & Co., received grants from Merck & Co., and Takeda Pharmaceuticals; and has consulted for Sanofi-Aventis, Merck, and Amylin.
Steven E. Weinberger, MD, FACP, Acting Editor, PIER, has stock holdings in Glaxosmithkline and Abbott.


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