Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 Author: Maureen D. Passaro, MD; Robert E. Ratner, MD
Editorial changes - 2010-02-17
Author information and module status
Prevention
Screening
Diagnosis
Consultation for Diagnosis
Hospitalization
Non-drug Therapy
Drug Therapy
Patient Education
Consultation for Management
Follow-up
Tables
Figures
References
Glossary
What's New
Patient Information
Additional Resources
Tools
Quality Measures Quality Measures
Additional Resources
Clinical Information
Guideline
   Diabetes Care
 International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1c assay in the diagnosis of diabetes
   Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
 Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus
Article
   American Journal of Cardiology
 Usefulness of aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide testing for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of dyspneic patients with diabetes mellitus seen in the emergency department (from the PRIDE Study)
   American Journal of Medicine
 Are calcium antagonists beneficial in diabetic patients with hypertension?
   Annals of Internal Medicine
 Autoimmune diseases in asthma
 Avoidance of hypoglycemia restores hypoglycemia awareness by increasing β-adrenergic sensitivity in type 1 diabetes
 Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? A meta-analysis of individual patient data
 Administration of neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin at bedtime versus with dinner in type 1 diabetes mellitus to avoid nocturnal hypoglycemia and improve control: a randomized, controlled trial
 The effectiveness of depression care management on diabetes-related outcomes in older patients
 Brief communication: early appearance of islet autoantibodies predicts childhood type 1 diabetes in offspring of diabetic parents
 Cost-effectiveness of full medicare coverage of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for beneficiaries with diabetes
 Improvements in diabetes processes of care and intermediate outcomes: United States, 1988-2002
 Therapy modifications in response to poorly controlled hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus
 Association of numeracy and diabetes control
 Diabetes and hearing impairment in the United States: audiometric evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004
 Motivational enhancement therapy with and without cognitive behavior therapy to treat type 1 diabetes: a randomized trial
 Effect of candesartan on microalbuminuria and albumin excretion rate in diabetes: three randomized trials
   Archives of Internal Medicine
 Risk factors of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients receiving metformin
 Preemptive transplantation for patients with diabetes-related kidney disease
 Retinal vascular changes and 20-year incidence of lower extremity amputations in a cohort with diabetes
 Effects of health maintenance organization coverage of self-monitoring devices on diabetes self-care and glycemic control
 Trends in complexity of diabetes care in the United States from 1991 to 2000
 Admission blood glucose level as risk indicator of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes mellitus
 Cardiovascular disease, mortality, and retinal microvascular characteristics in type 1 diabetes: Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy
 Diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: clinical and biochemical differences
 Bezafibrate for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome
 An intervention to overcome clinical inertia and improve diabetes mellitus control in a primary care setting: Improving Primary Care of African Americans with Diabetes (IPCAAD) 8
 Use of a blood glucose monitoring manual to enhance monitoring adherence in adults with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
 Insulin therapy, hyperglycemia, and hypertension in type 1 diabetes mellitus
 Poor glycemic control in diabetes and the risk of incident chronic kidney disease even in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
 Lifestyle risk factors and new-onset diabetes mellitus in older adults: the cardiovascular health study
 Modern-day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus after 30 years' duration: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications and Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications experience (1983-2005)
 Increased risk associated with radiation therapy: a report for the childhood cancer survivor study
   British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
 Outcomes of pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a national population-based study
   British Medical Journal
 Lifetime cost effectiveness of simvastatin in a range of risk groups and age groups derived from a randomised trial of 20,536 people
 Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) monitoring
 Prevention and early detection of vascular complications of diabetes
 Recent advances and emerging treatments
 Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial
 Retrospective review of care and outcomes in young adults with type 1 diabetes
 Mortality in young people admitted to hospital for diabetes: database study
 Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands
 Predictors for the development of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes: inception cohort study
 Effect of perioperative beta blockade in patients with diabetes undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: randomised placebo controlled, blinded multicentre trial
 Risk of microalbuminuria and progression to macroalbuminuria in a cohort with childhood onset type 1 diabetes: prospective observational study
 Management of retinal detachment: a guide for non-ophthalmologists
 Secular decline in mortality from coronary heart disease in adults with diabetes mellitus: cohort study
 Role of blood pressure in development of early retinopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: prospective cohort study
 The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease
   Circulation
 Enalapril reduces the incidence of diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD)
 Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women
   Clinical Rehabilitation
 The rapid resolution of depression and anxiety symptoms after lower limb amputation
   Diabetes
 Theophylline improves hypoglycemia unawareness in type 1 diabetes
 The early natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: II. Early renal structural changes in type 1 diabetes
 The early natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: I. Study design and baseline characteristics of the study participants
   Diabetes Care
 Correlates of insulin injection omission
 Multisystemic therapy for adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: reduced diabetic ketoacidosis admissions and related costs over 24 months
 Is a priming dose of insulin necessary in a low-dose insulin protocol for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis?
 Differing associations of lipid and lipoprotein disturbances with the macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes
 A randomized study and open-label extension evaluating the long-term efficacy of pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes
 The benefits of metformin therapy during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment of type 1 diabetic patients
 Effects of tadalafil on erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes
 Diagnostic strategies to detect glucose intolerance in a multiethnic population
 Sildenafil citrate for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with type 1 diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial
 Vardenafil, a new phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled fixed-dose study
 A controlled trial of web-based diabetes disease management: the MGH diabetes primary care improvement project
 Randomized cross-over trial of insulin glargine plus lispro or NPH insulin plus regular human insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin regimens
 Insulin detemir is associated with more predictable glycemic control and reduced risk of hypoglycemia than NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes on a basal-bolus regimen with premeal insulin aspart
 Impact of incident diabetes and incident nonfatal cardiovascular disease on 18-year mortality: the multiple risk factor intervention trial experience
 The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid: the SYDNEY trial
 Diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in women with previous gestational diabetes
 A comparison of diabetes education administered through telemedicine versus in person
 Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes
 Insulin pump therapy: a meta-analysis
 Evaluation of the impact of chiropodist care in the secondary prevention of foot ulcerations in diabetic subjects
 Human epidermal growth factor enhances healing of diabetic foot ulcers
 Effects of the early ACE inhibition in diabetic nonthrombolyzed patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction
 The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis
 A randomized clinical trial comparing breakfast, dinner, or bedtime administration of insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes
 Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes
 Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
 A comparison of postprandial and preprandial administration of insulin aspart in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
 Specialist nurse-led intervention to treat and control hypertension and hyperlipidemia in diabetes (SPLINT): a randomized controlled trial
 Biologic and quality-of-life outcomes from the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program: a randomized clinical trial
 Secondary prevention of cardiovascular events with long-term pravastatin in patients with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose: results from the LIPID trial
 HYAFF 11-based autologous dermal and epidermal grafts in the treatment of noninfected diabetic plantar and dorsal foot ulcers: a prospective, multicenter, controlled, randomized clinical trial
 A randomized trial comparing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion of insulin aspart versus insulin lispro in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
 Nonwindowed nonremovable fiberglass off-loading cast versus removable pneumatic cast (AircastXP Diabetic Walker) in the treatment of neuropathic noninfected plantar ulcers: a randomized prospective trial
 Hypoglycemia in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: predictors and role of metabolic control
   Diabetic Medicine
 Effect of the rapid-acting insulin analogue insulin aspart on quality of life and treatment satisfaction in patients with Type 1 diabetes
 Basal-bolus insulin therapy in Type 1 diabetes: comparative study of pre-meal administration of a fixed mixture of insulin lispro (50%) and neutral protamine lispro (50%) with human soluble insulin
 A randomized cross-over trial to identify the optimal use of insulin glargine in prepubertal children using a three-times daily insulin regimen
   Journal of the American College of Cardiology
 Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials
   Journal of the American Medical Association
 Using new insulin strategies in the outpatient treatment of diabetes: clinical applications
 Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes
 Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes
 Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies
 Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study
 Survival after pancreas transplantation in patients with diabetes and preserved kidney function
 Single-donor, marginal-dose islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes
 Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults
 Incidence of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
 Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus
 Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States
 Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes
 Association between diabetes and perinatal depression among low-income mothers
 C-peptide levels and insulin independence following autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus
   Journal of General Internal Medicine
 Diabetes control improved when inner-city patients received graphic feedback about glycosylated hemoglobin levels
   Journal of Internal Medicine
 Lisinopril reduces albuminuria during exercise in low grade microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients: a double blind randomized study
   Lancet
 Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial
 European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT): a randomised controlled trial of intervention before the onset of type 1 diabetes
 Ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam for diabetic foot infections (SIDESTEP): prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blinded, multicentre trial
 Negative pressure wound therapy after partial diabetic foot amputation: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial
 Early changes in the skin microcirculation and muscle metabolism of the diabetic foot
 The global burden of diabetic foot disease
 Treatment for diabetic foot ulcers
 Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot
 Aspirin resistance
 Type 1 diabetes
 Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders
 Time trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: a cohort study
 Effect of candesartan on prevention (DIRECT-Prevent 1) and progression (DIRECT-Protect 1) of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: randomised, placebo-controlled trials
 Nasal insulin to prevent type 1 diabetes in children with HLA genotypes and autoantibodies conferring increased risk of disease: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial
 Effect of calcium dobesilate on occurrence of diabetic macular oedema (CALDIRET study): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
 Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study
   Neurology
 Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial
   New England Journal of Medicine
 International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation
 Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU
 Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes
 Intensive diabetes therapy and carotid intima-media thickness in type 1 diabetes mellitus
 Childhood vaccination and type 1 diabetes
 Insulin analogues
 Erythropoietin as a retinal angiogenic factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
 Tumor-infiltrating T cells—friend or foe of neoplastic cells?
 Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
 Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors
 Activating mutations in the ABCC8 gene in neonatal diabetes mellitus
 Switching from insulin to oral sulfonylureas in patients with diabetes due to Kir6.2 mutations
 Clinical practice. Management of hyperglycemia in the hospital setting
 Inhaled insulin for diabetes mellitus
 Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes
 GAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes
 Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease
 Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients
 Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes
   Pain
 Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial in painful diabetic neuropathy
   Pediatrics
 Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injection regimens in children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized open crossover trial
 Reducing acute adverse outcomes in youths with type 1 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial
Review
   Annals of Internal Medicine
 Meta-analysis: efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin therapy in adults with diabetes mellitus
   Archives of Dermatology
 Dressings for acute and chronic wounds: a systematic review
   Archives of Internal Medicine
 Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis
 Systematic review and meta-analysis of short-acting insulin analogues in patients with diabetes mellitus
   British Medical Journal
 Psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
 Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies
 Type 1 diabetes: recent developments
 Efficacy of lipid lowering drug treatment for diabetic and non-diabetic patients: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
 Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
   Clinical Evidence
 Glycaemic control in diabetes
   Cochrane Library
 Specialist nurses in diabetes mellitus (Cochrane Review)
   Health Technology Assessment
 The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of inhaled insulin in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and economic evaluation
   Journal of the American Medical Association
 Assessing glycemia in diabetes using self-monitoring blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c
 Molecular understanding of hyperglycemia's adverse effects for diabetic complications
 Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes
 Management of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review
   Lancet
 Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis
 Type 1 diabetes, hyperglycaemia, and the heart
 Pancreas transplantation
   New England Journal of Medicine
 Diverse causes of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes
 Clinical practice. Diabetic gastroparesis
 Genetics of type 1A diabetes
   Patient Education and Counseling
 A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes following education, self-management and psychological interventions in diabetes mellitus
   Trends in Molecular Medicine
 Recent advances in insulin gene therapy for type 1 diabetes
Commentary
   ACP Journal Club
      Diabetes mellitus
 2009 - Pioglitazone was associated with lower risk for adverse cardiovascular events than rosiglitazone in older patients
 2009 - A lifestyle intervention improved obstructive sleep apnea more than support and education in obese patients with diabetes
 2009 - A Mediterranean-style diet reduced need for glucose-lowering drugs more than a low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes
 2009 - Minimally invasive and conventional glucose monitoring did not differ for long-term glycemic control in insulin-treated diabetes
 2009 - Rosiglitazone was noninferior to metformin plus sulfonylurea for CV events but increased risk for HF and fractures in type 2 diabetes
 2009 - Review: Intensive glucose control reduced some CV events but did not change mortality in type 2 diabetes
 2009 - Bariatric surgery was cost-effective at 2 years for management of type 2 diabetes in obese patients
 2009 - Bariatric surgery was dominant over conventional therapy for lifetime management of type 2 diabetes in obese patients
 2008 - Review: Metformin reduces risk for CV mortality compared with other oral diabetes drugs or placebo in type 2 diabetes
 2008 - Intensive insulin therapy reduced long-term risk for incident hypertension in type 1 diabetes
 2008 - Benefits of early intensive glucose control to prevent diabetes complications were sustained for up to 10 years
 2008 - Benefits of tight blood pressure control to prevent diabetes complications were not sustained
 2008 - Glycemic control was not affected by self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes
 2008 - Self-monitoring of blood glucose was not cost-effective in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes
 2008 - Intensive insulin therapy improved glycemic control more than oral hypoglycemic agents in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
 2008 - Intensive glucose control did not prevent important complications in type 2 diabetes
 2008 - Intensive glucose control increased mortality and did not prevent cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes
 2008 - Review: Little evidence exists on the benefits and harms of screening for and treating gestational diabetes
 2008 - A targeted, multifactorial intervention reduced mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria
 2008 - Adjustable gastric banding improved glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes
 2008 - Review: Statins prevent stroke and reduce mortality
 2007 - Thiazolidinediones increased risk for heart failure, myocardial infarction, and death in older patients with type 2 diabetes
 2007 - Aerobic plus resistance training was more effective than either alone for reducing HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes
 - Review: Long-acting insulin analogues do not improve glycemic control but do reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia in diabetes
 2007 - Review: beta-blockers for hypertension increase risk for new-onset diabetes compared with nondiuretic antihypertensive agents
 2007 - Review: Thiazolidinediones increase congestive heart failure but not cardiovascular deaths in prediabetes or type 2 diabetes
 2007 - Self-monitoring of blood glucose did not improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with insulin
 2007 - Review: Incretin therapy improves glycemic control more than placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes
 2007 - Review: Thiazolidinediones increase risk for heart failure in type 2 diabetes
 2007 - Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as known diabetes, increased risk for death within 5 years
 2007 - Review: Meglitinide analogues reduce glucose levels in type 2 diabetes, but morbidity and mortality effects are unknown
 2007 - Review: Rosiglitazone increases risk for MI but does not differ from other drugs for CV death in type 2 diabetes
 2007 - Rosiglitazone increased heart failure but did not differ from metformin plus sulfonylurea for other CV outcomes at interim analysis
 2007 - A portion-control plate was effective for weight loss in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
 2007 - Review: Long-acting insulin analogues reduce risk for hypoglycemia compared with NPH insulin in type 2 diabetes
 2007 - Vildagliptin was effective as add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy
 2007 - Intensive insulin therapy during cardiac surgery did not reduce mortality or morbidity but increased risk for stroke
 2007 - Review: Angiotensin-receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have the lowest risk for diabetes
 2007 - Vildagliptin was noninferior to rosiglitazone for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes but caused less weight gain
 2006 - A lifestyle intervention continued to prevent type 2 diabetes in high-risk patients after the program was stopped
 2006 - Review: Inhaled insulin provides better glycemic control than oral hypoglycemic agents but not better than subcutaneous insulin
 2006 - Sitagliptin improved glycemic control and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes
 2006 - Simvastatin was cost-effective across a broad range of risk and age groups
 2006 - Rosiglitazone reduced type 2 diabetes but increased heart failure in patients with impaired glycemic control
 2006 - Ramipril did not reduce incident diabetes in patients with impaired glycemic control
 2006 - Review: ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers reduce diabetes in hypertension and other CV risk factors
 2006 - Atorvastatin did not prevent cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes
 2006 - Adjunctive inhaled insulin before meals improved glycemic control more than adjunctive metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus
 2005 - Intensive insulin therapy reduced cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes
 2005 - Review: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers prevent type 2 diabetes
 2005 - Candesartan prevented development of diabetes mellitus in heart failure
 2005 - Screening and active management reduced perinatal complications more than routine care in gestational diabetes
 2005 - Review: alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors improve glycemic control but have uncertain effects on patient-important outcomes in type 2 diabetes
 2005 - A lifestyle intervention or metformin prevented or delayed the onset of the metabolic syndrome in persons at risk
 2005 - Review: Mixed signals from trials concerning pharmacologic prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
 2004 - Review: Insulin monotherapy and insulin combined with oral hypoglycemic agents provide similar glycemic control
 2004 - Review: Short-acting insulin analogues reduce glycosylated hemoglobin more than regular human insulin but only in adults with type 1 diabetes
 2005 - Diuretic-based therapy reduced cardiovascular mortality in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension and diabetes
 2004 - A dietitian-led intervention reduced weight and waist circumference in obese patients with type 2 diabetes
 2004 - Review: Fluoxetine, orlistat, and sibutramine modestly reduce weight in type 2 diabetes
 2003 - Review: Metformin does not increase risk for lactic acidosis or increase lactate levels in type 2 diabetes
 2003 - Review: Interventions focusing on patient behaviors in provider-patient interactions improve diabetes outcomes
 2003 - Acarbose reduced the risk for cardiovascular disease and hypertension in impaired glucose tolerance
 - Review: Rosiglitazone or pioglitazone as add-on therapy is effective for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes
 2003 - Enalapril reduced the risk for new-onset diabetes in left ventricular dysfunction
 2003 - A counseling strategy was better than usual care for adopting and maintaining physical activity in type 2 diabetes
 2003 - Combining fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin improved the accuracy for detecting patients with diabetes
 2002 - Training in flexible intensive insulin management improved glycemic control and quality of life in type 1 diabetes
 2002 - Losartan reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality more than atenolol in patients with diabetes and essential hypertension
 2002 - Review: Metformin does not increase fatal or nonfatal lactic acidosis or blood lactate levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus
 2002 - A split regimen of regular insulin at dinner and NPH insulin at bedtime reduced nocturnal hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes
 2002 - A lifestyle intervention or metformin prevented or delayed the onset of type 2 diabetes in persons at risk
 2001 - Review: Stress hyperglycemia after ischemic stroke indicates a greater risk for death in patients without diabetes
 2001 - Several simple rules predicted complications in high-risk patients with diabetes
 2001 - Cardiovascular events were increased in high cardiovascular risk patients with albuminuria
 2001 - Changes in diet and physical activity prevented type 2 diabetes mellitus in persons with impaired glucose tolerance
 2001 - Review: Self-management training in type 2 diabetes mellitus is effective in the short term
 2000 - Glyburide was as safe and effective as insulin in gestational diabetes
 2000 - Review: Self-monitoring does not improve blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Educational Resources
Educational Syllabus
   Annual Session 2004: Updates
 Sustained effect of intensive treatment on type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy
 Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes
 The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis
   Annual Session 2003: Updates
 Administration of neutral protamine hagedorn insulin at bedtime versus with dinner in type 1 diabetes mellitus to avoid nocturnal hypoglycemia and improve control. A randomized, controlled trial
   Annual Session 2002: Updates
 Impact of diabetes on long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction (the Onset study): Comparability of risk with prior myocardial infarction
   MKSAP 12
 The Adult Health Examination/ Diabetes Mellitus Screening
 The Pregnant Patient
 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
 Endocrinolory and Metabolism/Diabetes Mellitus
 Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
 Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
 Peripheral Neuropathy
Patient Information
Web
 ACP Foundation HEALTH TiPS: Diabetes
 American College of Physicians: ACP Special Report: Managing the ABCs of Diabetes
 American College of Physicians: Diabetes: America's Hidden Killer
 American College of Physicians: Living With Diabetes: A Guide for African Americans
 National Eye Institute: Diabetic Eye Disease
 National Eye Institute: Diabetic Eye Disease: How Much Do You Know?
 National Eye Institute: Diabetic Retinopathy
 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Diagnosis of Diabetes
 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Diabetic Neuropathies: The Nerve Damage of Diabetes
 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Alternative Devices for Taking Insulin
 American College of Physicians: Diabetes: Prevention and Control: A Guide for Hispanic Americans (Spanish)
FAQs | Patient Information
Abd Tahrani, MD, editorial consultant, has no financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies, biomedical device manufacturers, or health-care related organizations. Maureen D. Passaro, MD has no financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies, biomedical device manufacturers, or health-care related organizations. Robert E. Ratner, MD, is a consultant for Amylin Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Lifescan, Inc., NovoNordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda, owns stocks in Merck, Johnson & Johnson, Abbott, received grants from Amylin, AstraZeneca, Bayhill Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Conjuchem, Inc., Eil Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, NovoNordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda.
Darren B. Taichman, MD, PhD, Editor, PIER, has received grant support from Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd , and honoraria for continuing medical education grand rounds and lectures given.

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