West Nile Virus Disease Author: Amy V. Bode, MD, MSPH; James J. Sejvar, MD; Anthony A. Marfin, MD, MPH
Editorial changes - 2008-02-22
Author information and module status
Prevention
Screening
Diagnosis
Consultation for Diagnosis
Hospitalization
Non-drug Therapy
Drug Therapy
Patient Education
Consultation for Management
Follow-up

Tables
References
Glossary
What's New
Patient Information
Additional Resources
Tools
Additional Resources

Clinical Information
Guideline
   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Epidemic/epizootic West Nile virus in the United States: revised guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control
 West Nile Virus: Information and Guidance for Clinicians
Article
   Annals of Internal Medicine
 West Nile virus: pathogenesis and therapeutic options
 Clinical characteristics and functional outcomes of West Nile fever
 The cost-effectiveness of screening the U.S. blood supply for West Nile virus
   Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
 West Nile virus envelope protein: role in diagnosis and immunity
 Potential North American vectors of West Nile virus
 West Nile virus serosurvey and assessment of personal prevention efforts in an area with intense epizootic activity: Connecticut, 2000
 West Nile encephalitis: the neuropathology of four fatalities
 Human arbovirus infections worldwide
   Clinical Infectious Diseases
 The role for intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of West Nile virus encephalitis
   New England Journal of Medicine
 West Nile virus among blood donors in the United States, 2003 and 2004
 Screening the blood supply for West Nile virus RNA by nucleic acid amplification testing
   Science
 Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States
   Viral Immunology
 West Nile virus in the United States: guidelines for detection, prevention, and control
Review
   American Family Physician
  West Nile virus in the United States: an update on an emerging infectious disease
   Annals of Internal Medicine
 West Nile virus: a primer for the clinician
   Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
 West Nile virus surveillance using sentinel birds
 West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds
 “Neon needles” in a haystack: the advantages of passive surveillance for West Nile virus
 West Nile fever in Israel 1999-2000: from geese to humans
 West Nile in the Mediterranean basin: 1950-2000
 West Nile encephalitis in Russia 1999-2001: were we ready? Are we ready?
 Prospects for development of a vaccine against the West Nile virus
 The West Nile virus encephalitis outbreak in the United States (1999-2000): from Flushing, New York, to beyond its borders
 Kunjin virus: an Australian variant of West Nile?
 The ecology of West Nile virus in South Africa and the occurrence of outbreaks in humans
 West Nile virus: Uganda, 1937, to New York City, 1999
 Host factors involved in West Nile virus replication
 Variations in biological features of West Nile viruses
   British Medical Journal
 West Nile encephalitis
   Clinical Infectious Diseases
 West Nile encephalitis: an emerging disease in the United States
   Current Opinion in Infectious Disease
 West Nile virus in the western hemisphere
   Lancet
 Pathogenic flaviviruses
Commentary
   ACP Journal Club
      Infectious disease
 2001 - Recombinant human activated protein C reduced all-cause mortality in patients with severe sepsis
 2000 - Antibiotic monotherapy with possible stopping at 3 days benefited low-risk ICU patients with pulmonary infiltrates
      Neurologic disease
 2006 - Ultrasonographic guidance increased successful insertion of internal jugular vein catheter in the emergency department
 2001 - Low Braden scale scores predicted the development of pressure ulcers in neurologic intensive and intermediate care units
      Viral infections
 2003 - Patients with West Nile virus meningitis or encephalitis, but not acute flaccid paralysis, had favorable outcomes
 2003 - Diabetes and other comorbid conditions were associated with a poor outcome in SARS
 - Review: Heterogeneous studies show that Echinacea may be effective for preventing and treating the common cold

Educational Resources
Educational Syllabus
   Annual Session 2004: Updates
 Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients
 Clinical and laboratory features of West Nile virus infection

Patient Information
Web
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: West Nile Virus
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: West Nile Virus: What You Need To Know
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: West Nile Virus: Questions and Answers: Symptoms of West Nile Virus
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Questions and Answers: Insect Repellant Use and Safety
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Ways to Avoid West Nile Virus Risk in Outdoor Work Suggested by NIOSH
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Methods of Mosquito Control
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: West Nile Virus: What You Need To Know (Spanish)
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: West Nile Virus: Questions and Answers: Symptoms of West Nile Virus (Spanish)
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Questions and Answers: Insect Repellant Use and Safety (Spanish)
FAQs | Patient Information
Amy V. Bode, MD, MSPH has no financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies, biomedical device manufacturers, or health-care related organizations. Anthony A. Marfin, MD, MPH has no financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies, biomedical device manufacturers, or health-care related organizations. Carrie Nielsen, PhD, editorial consultant, has no financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies, biomedical device manufacturers, or health-care related organizations. James J. Sejvar, MD has no financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies, biomedical device manufacturers, or health-care related organizations.


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